可降解新烟碱类杀虫剂微生物及其代谢途径的研究进展

新烟碱类化合物基于烟碱结构改造修饰制备,相较菊酯、含磷类等杀虫剂,因其选择性毒力被认为是一类对人类和生态无害的农药。然而,近年来由于新烟碱类杀虫剂(neonicotinoid insecticides)过度施用,其残余或转化的物质通过在土壤与水体中累积,影响昆虫甚至哺乳动物及其生理与行为,导致了一系列生态环境问题和继发危害。本文聚焦新烟碱类杀虫剂的产业现状,面向生物降解新烟碱类杀虫剂这一迫切需求,围绕新烟碱类杀虫剂的微生物菌株资源,重点阐述微生物降解新烟碱类杀虫剂的代谢机制及其多样性。通过梳理新烟碱类杀虫剂生物降解及其应用转化的关键问题和前沿进展,旨在为借助合成生物学和宏基因组学手段建立或筛选安全可控的新烟碱类杀虫剂的高效转化体系提供参考。     

草地贪夜蛾核型多角体病毒对我国草地贪夜蛾不同地理种群毒力的比较分析

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J. E. Smith）入侵我国多个地区,逐渐形成地理种群。在草地贪夜蛾核型多角体病毒Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus（SfMNPV）生物农药的生产过程中发现,不同地理来源的宿主对SfMNPV的敏感性和产量存在明显差异,显著影响了SfMNPV的生产效率。为解析其敏感性差异及其产生的原因,本研究首先对云南德宏、广东广州、广西钦州、西藏林芝4个地区草地贪夜蛾种群基因型进行了鉴定,采用生物测定法测试SfMNPV对4龄幼虫的口服毒力,然后,通过向幼虫体内注射草地贪夜蛾核多角体病毒出芽型病毒粒子（budded virions,BVs）的方式,越过口服感染中肠的过程,分析敏感性差异发生的阶段。最后比较了高敏感和低敏感种群中肠肠液pH,并基于16S rDNA测序测定了肠道菌群组成。结果表明,广西种群属于纯合玉米型,其余种群为带有水稻型COI标记的杂合玉米型。广西种群对SfMNPV的口服敏感性最低,西藏种群的敏感性最高,但两者注射BV后死亡率差异无统计学意义,暗示病毒敏感性差异发生在口服感染阶段。广西种群中肠pH略低于西藏种群,并且较于西藏种群,广西种群相肠道乳杆菌Lactobacillus丰度高。本文结果表明,肠道微环境的差异可能是不同地理种群草地贪夜蛾对SfMNPV口服敏感性产生差异的原因。     

基于层次分析法对白垩纪短脉螽科昆虫后足胫节端距的游泳能力检测

短脉螽科是直翅目昆虫的一个中生代灭绝类群,其最重要特征之一是后足胫节末端具有3—4根较长的距,可以分为长刺状、棒状和叶状等3种类型。在假设短脉螽科具有游泳能力条件下,利用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)探讨短脉螽不同后足胫节端距类型对游泳能力的贡献。分析表明短脉螽科昆虫中,具有叶状端距的类型更有利于提高该类昆虫的游泳能力。短脉螽科昆虫后足端距的高分异度,表明该科昆虫在白垩纪的近水环境不同生态位中均具有较好的适应性。     

赭曲霉毒素A和玉米赤霉烯酮-二联胶体金免疫层析试纸条的制备及应用

【背景】真菌毒素为真菌的有毒次级代谢产物,混合污染时毒性显著增强,可对人类和动物健康造成严重伤害。制备二联胶体金免疫层析试纸条,实现对常见真菌毒素混合污染的快速监测,具有重要意义。【目的】制备赭曲霉毒素A (Ochratoxin A,OTA)和玉米赤霉烯酮(Zeralenone,ZEN)金标单克隆抗体,基于免疫层析原理,采用竞争反应模式,建立二联胶体金免疫层析检测法用于污染样品中OTA和ZEN的同时快速检测。【方法】采用柠檬酸钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,并标记获得两种真菌毒素金标单克隆抗体,通过优化相关条件,建立稳定的二联胶体金免疫层析检测方法,用于同时检测谷物和饲料样品中的OTA和ZEN。【结果】制备的OTA和ZEN二联胶体金试纸条对OTA和ZEN的检测限分别为0.625 ng/mL和1.25 ng/mL,且与谷物和饲料中其它真菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素B1、伏马毒素B1、桔青霉毒素、展青霉毒素和呕吐毒素)均无交叉反应,人工添加试验结果准确。对天然样本检测结果表明该方法与LC-MS/MS一致性良好。【结论】本研究制备的二联胶体金试纸条可用于实际样品中OTA和ZEN的同时快速筛查。     

Increasing terrestrial vegetation activity in China, 1982—1999

Variations in vegetation activity during the past 18 years in China were investigated using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from the 3rd generation time series dataset of NOAA-AVHRR from 1982 to 1999. In order to eliminate the effects of non-vegetation factors, we characterized areas with NDVI < 0.1 as “sparsely vegetated areas” and areas with NDVI ≥ 0.1 as “vegetated areas”. The results showed that increasing NDVI trends were evident, to varying extents, in almost all regions in China in the 18 years, indicating that vegetation activity has been rising in recent years in these regions. Compared to the early 1980s, the vegetated area increased by 3.5% by the late 1990s, while the sparsely vegetated area declined by 18.1% in the same period. The national total mean annual NDVI increased by 7.4% during the study period. Extended growing seasons and increased plant growth rates accounted for the bulk of these increases, while increases in temperature and summer rainfall, and strengthening agricultural activity were also likely important factors. NDVI changes in China exhibited relatively large spatial heterogeneity; the eastern coastal regions experienced declining or indiscernibly rising trends, while agricultural regions and western China experienced marked increases. Such a pattern was due primarily to urbanization, agricultural activity, regional climate characteristics, and different vegetation responses to regional climate changes.     

Adenovirus-mediated expression of pig α(1,3) galactosyltransferase reconstructs Gal α(1,3) Gal epitope on the surface of human tumor cells

INTRODUCTIONGal a(1, 3) Gal (gal epitope) is a carbohydrate epitope, which is produced in large amounton the cells of pigs, mice and New World monkey(monkey of South America) by the glycosylationenzyme G alal 1 ) 4G IcNAc3- a- D- galactosyltransferase[or(1, 3)GT; EC2.4.1.511111. This enzyme is active in the Golgi appaxatus of cells and transfers galactose from the sugandonor uridine diphoSphate galactose (UDP-galactose) to the acceptor Nacetyllactosamine residue (Galaal-4GlcNAc-R…     

黑曲霉固态发酵生产酸性β-甘露聚糖酶

以黑曲霉WA301为生产菌固态发酵生产酸性β－甘露聚糖酶,较适的培养基组成和培养条件为：麸皮10g,魔芋粉0.4g,豆饼粉1.5g,硫酸铵0.2g,起始湿度55％,pH自然,发酵温度35℃,发酵周期约96h。在此条件下,WA301的酸性β－甘露聚糖酶产率为950U／g干曲左右。     

中国濒危鱼类、两栖爬行类和哺乳类的地理分布格局与优先保护区域——基于《中国濒危动物红皮书》的分析

《中国濒危动物红皮书》依据我国动物所面临的濒危,对我国濒危动物的濒危等级划分,种群现状,致危因素和保护措施等进行了描述说明,首批收录了535种濒危动物。本文以《中国濒危动物红皮书》中所收录的352种濒危脊椎动物（不含鸟类（以下简记为“濒危植物”）为研究对象,整理统计了现有濒危物种的分布资料,在GIS支持下,对中国濒危动物的地理分布进行了研究。结果表明,中国濒危动物物种呈明显的集聚分布,最密集的地区是横断山区,海南岛,西双版纳和云贵高原;而在华北平原,内蒙古东部,黄土高原和东北平原等地区出现大片空白区。影响濒危动物分布的主要因素有热量和水分条件,地形条件等自然条件以及历史开发,人为破坏等人文条件。山地因地形屏障作用而保留了较多的古老物种,其较为复杂的环境因子也有益物种的生存,因而物种丰富度较高。大多数动物对于水分和热量的依赖性较强,因此水热条件对其分布的限制作用十分明显。人为破坏较为严重的地区,濒危物种稀少;污染,开荒等引起的环境问题对于现存动物的威胁很。运用Dobson排除算法得到云南勐腊县等9个县分布有168种濒危动物,占全国总数（海生种类及仅分布于台湾和香港的特有种除外）的51．5％,而其土地面积之和仅为全国陆地总面积的0．9％。而云南勐腊县等94个县市就分布有中国所有的濒危动物。这些地区是我国生物多样性保护应该优先考虑的地方。     

Distraction osteogenesis in correction of micrognathia accompanying obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

To evaluate the effect of distraction osteogenesis in correction of micrognathia accompanying obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, a total of 28 patients with different severities of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome underwent mandibular distraction osteogenesis. A total of 51 distraction devices were placed for bilateral distraction in 23 patients and for unilateral distraction in five patients. The mean age of patients was 21.2 years (range, 3 to 60 years). Eleven patients had micrognathia accompanying obstructive sleep apnea syndrome secondary to bilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis, and 10 patients had micrognathia accompanying obstructive sleep apnea syndrome secondary to unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Three patients had developmental micrognathia accompanying obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The other four patients had micrognathia and concomitant obstructive sleep apnea syndrome induced by trauma, infection, or tumor resection. Each patient had been evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with cephalometry and polysomnography. Mandible advancement ranged from 9 to 30 mm (average, 20.4 mm) and was successfully achieved after distraction. Fine new bone formed in the distraction gap when the distraction devices were removed 3 to 4 months after distraction was completed. No infection or other complications occurred in any patients. Complete curative effects were achieved in nine severe, six moderate, and eight mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients after distraction, and the other five patients had been improved to the mild level. After distraction was completed, the posterior airway space was increased on average from 4.6 mm to 12.5 mm and the sella-nasion-point B angle was increased on average from 66 degrees to 75 degrees on cephalometric studies. The polysomnographic examination showed that the apnea hypopnea index was lowered on average from 58.0 to 3.15, and the lowest oxygen saturation was increased on average from 77 percent to 90.3 percent after distraction was completed. The follow-up period was 3 to 61 months (average, 18.1 months). The curative effect was stable and no relapse occurred. Therefore, the authors conclude that mandibular distraction osteogenesis is an effective method for correcting micrognathia accompanying obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Compared with other current routine surgical procedures, it has many advantages, such as low risk, simple manipulation, high curative rate, low relapse rate, and stable result. It is presently the most effective method for the treatment of this difficult and complicated disorder.     

小双节RNA病毒中国株基因组第二节段的序列测定及分析

１９９７年从河北省一起成人腹泻暴发病人粪便中首次分离到小双节ＲＮＡ病毒（ｐｉｃｏｂｉｒｎａｖｉｒｕｓ,ＰＢＶ）中国株。为研究该病毒复制必需的依赖ＲＮＡ的ＲＮＡ多聚酶（ＲｄＲｐ）活性机理,采用改进的单引物扩增法克隆和测序了病毒基因组第二节段。结果表明：第二节段全长１６９６个核苷酸,只有一个ＯＲＦ,占全长的９３．９％,编码５３０个氨基酸残基的蛋白,５’－ＮＴＲ ＡＴ丰富（７５．４％）,可能是本位调控元